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Drainage System – A Seamless way to dispose water
Drainage is the disposal of excess water on land (either used or in form of storm water). It must be distinguished from flood control which is the prevention of damage as a result of overflow from river. There are two type of system adopted for waste water collection. Separate sanitary and combined system. In separate sanitary system, there is a separate sewer that collects the household, commercial and industrial waste water and disposes them while a separate sewer collects the storm water and disposes it separately. In the combined system, both the storm water and domestic water are conveyed through the same pipe network.
The overall steps in layout sewers include:
• Establish comprehensive map of the area including road contour, topography and utilities
• Drains are shown with a single line with arrows for direction
• Manholes are shown with a dot at all its necessary locations as the junctions and its intermediate point of 100-120m interval
• Sewers are design to follow natural topography
• Sewers are mostly branch network
• Sewers or drains are usually located along the road
• Design approach for sewers is as follows;
• Estimate manning constant and select slope
• Compute the section factor
• Get the best hydraulic section either rectangle or trapezoid
• Check the satisfaction of minimum velocity
• Addition of adequate freeboard to avoid overflowing
The disposal of the waste water could be treated or not treated. However, the treatment is usually by biological method. The disposal of waste water is of immerse important for economic growth. The treated or untreated waste could be used as a source of irrigation, supplement stream or river flow and could be used as a source of recharge for ground water.
Seamless gutters are made out of a variety of materials which can range from aluminum, steel that has been galvanized, vinyl and copper. If you are wondering if you can match the color scheme of the exterior of your house, that's no problem. It can be made in any color, so matching it to your home's exterior will not be a problem.
If you're budget conscious then you should be aware that seamless gutters are more expensive than traditional gutters, so you should be prepared to spend a little more money on these gutters, although it is not that much more.
It is obvious in the cities of the developing countries that the most of construction industries do not take note of all the above mentioned process. As a result storm water follows drains that are not specified for them or overflows the drains there by causing erosions. On the other hand, some of the storm water are stagnant in the drains there by becoming a breeding place for mosquitoes and toads. This could result in increase of malaria and water related disease in the vicinity. All this is because; most government in such cities have not yet understand the important of drainage systems and the role it plays in social- economic development.
Author Biography-:
Saimaxx is one of the largest wholesalers providing building, drainage and plumbing materials to the building and construction industry, SAIMAXX continues to grow into one of the UK’s prime suppliers of building materials. SAIMAXX and You – A Construction Partnership Built To Last.
To learn more details about our products and services, visit-http://saimaxx.com/pipesproducts.html
by saimaxx
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Ajanta and Ellora are famous caves in Maharashtra, India which are very ancient and Provide a thrilling site for historians and archeological activities. Ajanta caves are around 100 kms away from Ellora and the most famous city nearest to them is Aurangabad.
Ajanta!
It takes barely two hours to cover the 99 kms from Aurangabad to Ajanta, two hours to transport you to the second century B.C when the first of these caves was hollowed out from the side of the cliff.
Early in the 19th century, a party of British officers scrambling over the thickly wooded slopes of the sahyadri hills, discovered these caves buried under debris and screened by foliage. The caves were secluded retreat for Buddhist monastic orders and yet offered easy access to the trade routes that swung past here to the coast.
The 30 caves of Ajanta, some unfinished, span a period of 800 years and contain numerous images of Buddha. The sculpture in cave 26 is elaborate and beautiful; highlights here are the panel of the temptation of Buddha and the Parinirvana depicting the breaking of earthly ties and Buddha's passing into nirvana. The arched chaitya window set into elegantly simple facade of cave 9 (1st century B.C) is repeated in the elaborate frontage of cave 19 (fifth century), which has several figures of Buddha on the portico. Of the particular note here is a sculpture of a seated Nagaraja with his consort and female attendant. Cacve 16 is an elegant vihara wiat an inscription that mentions the king and his minister who built this cave. In caves 1, 2, 16, 17 you can see some undamaged portions of wall paintings that are vibrant and clear.
Ajanta is a protected monument under the Archaeological survey of India and has been included in the World Heritage list of monuments.
The Boddhisatvas who figure prominently in the ajanta paintings are celestial beings, who visit the world of men. The nymphs, princesses and attendants of Ajanta are women of exquisite elegance and charm, hair dressed in intricate styles and jewels highlighting slender necks and waists.
From this vast collection of classical Indian art sprang the style that travelled out with Buddhism to many parts of the world. Buddhist paintings in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, Tibet, Nepal, China and in Japan all trace their origins to the classic mode first expressed in the wall paintings of Ajanta.
In their range of time and treatment, the paintings of Ajanta are a panorama of life in ancient India and could well be studied for a description of the culture of those times.
Before you leave, climb up to the flat top of the hill opposite the caves for a wonderful sweeping view of the horseshoe shaped gorge of Ajanta.
by cleanclover
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Comon
2007-11-05 | (Art - Photography)
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marathon ? perhap (?)
wow com on the cup will in you hand !!
by tranphongvn
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wow suprise
2007-11-05 | (Art - Photography)
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by tranphongvn
(72) | Permalink | (0) Comments
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Only in Viet Nam
2007-11-05 | (Art - Photography)
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wow a new model off car , i think so, how a bout you ?
by tranphongvn
(72) | Permalink | (0) Comments
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Beaty Flower
2007-11-04 | (Art - Photography)
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that is a beauty flower , i very like it . but i dont know the name, Can you tell me , please , thanks
by tranphongvn
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Taking a good photo isn’t as hard as you may think. You don’t need the most expensive camera or years of experience, just 10 simple tips.
Enjoy!
Tip 1 - Use All Your Available Space
Don't be afraid to use all the space in your photo. If you want to take a picture of something, it's ok for it to take up the whole shot with no or very little background showing. Keep distractions out of your shot
Tip 2 - Study Forms
This is a vital aspect to photography. Understanding forms in your photos. Don't see an object, she its shape and its form and find the best angle to photograph it from. Form is all around us and I highly suggest you read as many books on it as possible.
Tip 3 - Motion In Your Photos
Never have motion in your photos if you are photographing a still object. If there is something moving while you are trying to photograph a stationery object, your photo won't turn out anywhere near as well. Also never put a horizon line in the center of your frame.
Tip 4 - Learn To Use Contrasts Between Colors.
Some of the best photos have shades of white, gray and black. You can take great shots with just one color on your subject, but the contrasts between colors in a shot is what makes you a great photographer.
Tip 5 - Get Closer To Your Subject
This is one of the biggest mistakes most photographers make, not getting close enough to their subject. Get up and personal and close the distance gap. You can always reshape and resize a good shot but you can't continue to blowup a distant object.
Tip 6 - Shutter Lag
Shooting action shots with digital camera's can be tricky due to shutter lags. What this means is, when you press the button to take the photo, it can take up to a second for the shutter to take a photo, by that time what you were photographing would have moved or changed somehow. This means you have to compensate for shutter lag by predicting what your subject is going to do and taking the photo just before it takes the action you want. More expensive digital cameras don't have this problem.
Tip 7 - Pan
If you are taking an action shot and your shutter speed is slow, pan with the object. Follow through with the subject, from start to finish and one of those shots will be a winner. You have more chance of getting a good shot if you take more then one photo.
Tip 8 - Continuous Shots
To pan like I suggested above you will need a camera that does continuous shots and doesn’t need to stop and process after every shot.
Tip 9 - How To Take Fantastic Night Time Shots
Night time shots can be spectacular, almost magical.... if done right! If not they can look horrible. Really horrible. Without adequate lighting, even good camera's can turn out crappy photos if the photographer doesn't know what he or she is doing.
Tip 10 - Study Your Manual
If your digital camera has a special night time mode, read the manual and follow their instructions on how to use it properly.
Taking a good photo isn’t as hard as you may think. You don’t need the most expensive camera or years of experience, just 10 simple tips.
Enjoy!
by jianhong
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2007-03-18 | (Art - Photography)
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i love photos.can anyone give me some links.
by pinoystreet
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Holiday Lights and Events
FREE EVENTS
FREE Christmas Ships on the Willamette and/or Columbia rivers, start Dec 7th and run thru the 20th. Check the web site for details.
FREE -Peacock Lane Holiday Lights December 15th throught the 31st: Looky there they now have their own website and everything! Went to this last year and it's absolutely charming. and cold. Bundle up!
Not free events
Portland Holiday Express Train Rides
WOW! man i'd love to check this out.
The ORHF's Holiday Express is on for 2006, featuring the City of Portland's SP&S #700 and SP #4449 locomotives! This year we're departing from Oaks Park for a 40-minute round-trip through the scenic Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge, along the Willamette River.
Holiday Express Train Rides
by pdxdirect
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Odds n Ends Art
2006-08-12 | (Art - Photography)
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by cheyanna1
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